Mesocarp tissue of date fruit was macerated and treated with 50% watermethanol solution at 40C. This was then divided into two parts: part A was evaporated to dryness, the remaining part was rinsed with water, dried at 500C, alkaline hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide (0.1M) and filtered. The filtrate was acidified at pH 2.0, extracted with ethyl acetate and rinsed with 1% sodium bicarbonate and water. The organic layer was evaporated to dryness and then dissolved in water, to give part B. The residue after filtering out part B was alkaline hydrolyzed with 2M sodium hydroxide and filtered. The filtrate was further acidified at pH 2, extracted with ethyl acetate, rinsed with 1% sodium bicarbonate and water, and the organic layer evaporated to dryness (part C) ( Figure 1 ).

Chemicals, such as ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), butanol, ammonium molybdate, and sodium dodecyl sulphate, benzoic acid, sodium phosphate, DMSO were purchased from E. Merck (India) Limited.1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and malondialdehyde, potassium ferricyanite, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) were procured from Sigma, USA. Nbutanol, ferrous sulphate, ferricchloride, Folins reagent, riboflavin, naphthylethylene diaminedihydrochloride, sulphanilamide inphosphoric acid, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide were purchased from Sisco Research Laboratories PVT. Ltd India. Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), MTT reagent [(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide], DMEM media were purchased from Himedia, India. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from Gibco. DCFHDA and DHR 123 were purchased from Invitrogen. All other reagents were of analytical grade.

The antioxidant activity of the extracts was measured on the basis of the scavenging activity of the stable 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical Braca et al., 2001. Aqueous extract was added to a 0.004% Methanol solution of DPPH on a 96 well ELISA plate.

Absorbance at 517 nm was determined after 30 min, and the percent inhibition activity was calculated.

The method used by Martinez et al. Martinez et al., 2001 for determination of the superoxide dismutase was studied in the riboflavinlight

nitrobluetetrazolium (NBT) system Beauchamp and Fridovich, 1971. Each 0.1 ml of reaction mixture contained 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.8), 13 mM methionine, 2 µμM riboflavin, 100 µμM EDTA, NBT (75 µμM) and various doses of sample solution. The production of blue formazan was followed by monitoring the increase in absorbance at 560 nm after 15 min of illumination from a fluorescent lamp.

The assay was based on the benzoic acid hydroxylation method Chung et al., 1997. Hydroxyl radicals were generated by direct addition of iron(II) salts to a reaction mixture containing phosphate buffer. In a 24 well plate, 0.15 ml of sodium benzoate (10 mM) and 0.15 ml of FeSO4.7H2O (10 mM) and EDTA (10 mM) were added. Then the sample solution and a phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 0.1 M) were added to give a total

volume of 1.6 ml. Finally, 0.15 ml of an H2O2 solution (10 mM) was added. The reaction mixture was then incubated at 370C for² h. After that, the fluorescence was measured at 407nm emission (Em) and excitation (Ex) at 305 nm. Measurement of spectrofluorometric changes has been used to detect the damage by the hydroxyl radical.

A modified thiobarbituric acidreactive species (TBARS) assay Ohkawa et al., 1979 was used to measure the lipid peroxide formed, using egg yolk homogenates as lipidrich media Ruberto et al., 2000, where lipid peroxidation was induced by FeSO4.Malondialdehyde (MDA), produced by the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, reacts with two molecules of thiobarbituric acid (TBA), yielding a pinkish red chromogen with an absorbance maximum at 532 nm, which was measured using a 96 well ELISA plate reader. Percentage inhibition of lipid peroxidation by different concentrations of the extract was calculated.

Nitric oxide was generated from spontaneous decomposition of the Sodium nitropruside (20mM) in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) which interacts with oxygen molecule to produce nitrite ions, which can be measured by the Griess reactions. The nitric oxide scavenging activity of the date extracts, collected by three different methods was determined by Shirwaikar et al (2006) with a slight modification. Briefly a stock solution of each extract was prepared to contain 1 mg/ml. Different amounts of the stock solution were then transferred to different test tubes and volume was adjusted to 1ml by adding double distilled water. 0.2 ml of sodium nitroprusside (20mM) in PBS (pH 7.4) and 1.8 ml of PBS solution was added and incubated at 37°C for 3 h. 1 ml of each solution was taken and diluted with 1 ml of Griess reagent [1% sulfanilamide, 5% H3PO4and 0.1% N(1naphthyl)ethylenediamine]. Similarly, a blank was prepared containing the equivalent amount of reagents (only the sodium nitroprusside and PBS), but without the extract. The absorbances of these solutions were measured at 540 nm against the corresponding blank solution. Ascorbic acid (100 µμg/ml) was used as the positive control. The percentage inhibition of nitric oxide was calculated.

The assay is based on the reduction of Mo (VI) to Mo (V) by the extract and subsequent formation of a green phosphate/Mo(V) complex at acid pH Prieto et al., 1999. Each well of a 96 well ELISA plate containing extract and reagent solution (0.6 M sulfuric acid, 28 mM sodium phosphate and 4 mM ammonium molyb date) were incubated at 950C for 90 min. After the mixture had cooled to room temperature, the absorbance of each solution was measured at 695 nm against a blank. The antioxidant capacity was expressed as ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE).

The reducing power of date extracts was determined according to the method Salah et al., 1995 where different concentrations of extracts were mixed with phosphate buffer and potassium ferricyanide. The mixture was incubated at 50°C for²0 min. 2.5 ml of trichloroacetic acid was added to the mixture. The upper layer of solution (2.5 ml) was mixed with distilled water (2.5 ml) and FeCl3, and the absorbance was

measured at 700 nm. Increased absorbance of the reaction mixture indicated increased reducing power. Ascorbic acid was used as positive control.

Total flavonoid content was determined using aluminium chloride (AlCl3) according to a known method, using Fisetin as a standard. The date extracts (0.1 ml) were added to 0.3 ml distilled water followed by 5% NaNO2 (0.03 ml). After 5 min at 25°C, AlCl3 (0.03 ml, 10%) was added. After further 5 min, the reaction mix ture was treated with 0.2 ml of 1 mM NaOH. Finally, the reaction mixture was diluted to 1 ml with water and the absorbance was measured at 510 nm. The results were expressed as mg Fisetin/g date extract.

The total phenolic content of the date extracts was determined using the FolinCiocalteu reagent. The reaction mixture contained: 200 µμl of diluted extract, 800 µμl of freshly prepared diluted FolinCiocalteu reagent and 2 ml of 7.5% sodium carbonate. The final mixture was diluted to 7 ml with deionized water. Mixtures were kept in dark at ambient conditions for² h to complete the reaction. The absorbance at 765 nm was measured. Gallic acid was used as standard and the results were expressed as mg gallic acid (GAE)/g of the date extract.

The samples of various extracts was analysed using UVVis Spectrophotometer. About 40 mg of the airdried samples was dissolved in 1 ml methanol, dilutedto 1 mg/ml solution in different volumetric flasks and then applied on the spectrophotometer and scanned through the UV and visible region. The herbal functional groups were determined by analyzing the peaks.

RAW 267.4 murine macrophage cell line and HEK 293 cell line were obtained from NCCS, Pune, India. The cells were grown in DMEM medium containing 5% inactivated fetal bovine serum, penicillin (100 U/mL), and streptomycin (20 µμg/mL) and kept at 37°C in a T25 tissue culture flasks. Cell were grown to confluence in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2. Cell viability using MTT assay To test the cytotoxicity, 5×10⁴ cells/well were seeded in a 96well plate and incubated for²4 h with different concentrations of the date extract. The cells were washed, and each well was filled with 100 µμL of medium and 10 µμL of a tetrazolium salt, MTT. The plate was incubated for various time periods, and the absorbance was measured at 540 nm. The percentage of viable cells was calculated using the absorbance of the control cells without extract as 100%. The assay was performed in triplicate twice.

HPLC analyses: Crude methanolic A, basic ethanolic B & acidic ethanolic C were filtered by 0.22 µμm syringe filter (Milipore, Germany), and then the extracts were analysed with RPHPLC by using Waters 515 System with C18 column as stationary phase. The mobile phase was Water (HPLC grade) and 90% acetonitrile. Sample volume was 100 µμl. Flow rate was 0.5ml/min.TLC analyses: Methanolic extract (A), Acidic Ethanolic extract (B) and Basic ethanolic extract (C) were applied on silica gel coated TLC plates (Milipore, Germany) by using capillary tubes and developed in a TLC chamber using mobile phase methanol:water:chloroform (2.5:0.2:7.3 v/v). The developed TLC plates were air dried and observed under ultra violet light UV at both 254 nm and 366 nm. TLC plates were sprayed with Libermann’s solution, heated at 100–105°C and visualized under daylight. The movement of the analyte was expressed by its retention factor (Rf).

Taking 0% inhibition in the mixture without plant extract, regression equations were prepared from the concentrations of the three date extracts which were collected by three different methods and percentage inhibition of free radical formation/prevention in different systems of assay were calculated, viz. DPPH assay, superoxide radical scavenging assay, hydroxyl radicals scavenging assay, lipid peroxidation assay and nitric oxide radicals scavenging assay. IC₅₀ values (concentration of sample required to scavenge 50% of available free radicals or to prevent lipid peroxidation by 50%) were calculated from these regression equations. IC₅₀ value is inversely related to the activity of the extracts.

Superoxide radical was measured by the NBT reduction assay. Each well of a 96wells plate was seeded with RAW 264.7 macrophages suspension containing .5×104 cells/ml. The treatment of cells proceeded as described previously. After incubation, 40 µμL of a NBT solution at 1 mg/mL was added to the medium and incubated at 37°C, for 1 h. Then, the incubation medium was removed and cells were lysed with DMSO:2 M NaOH (1:1). The absorbance of reduced NBT, formazan, was measured at 620 nm, in a microplate reader (Multiskan ASCENT Thermo®).

In culture, the NO released by the macrophages into the medium is converted to several nitrogen derivatives, from which only nitrite is stable, being easily measured by Griess reagent (1.0% sulphanilamide and 0.1% N(1)naphthylethylenediamine in 5% phosphoric acid). After incubation, 100 µμL of culture medium supernatant was mixed with the same volume of Griess reagent, during 10 min, at room temperature. The nitrite produced was determined by measuring the optical density at 540 nm, in a microplate reader (Shimadzu).

Intracellular formation of ROS was assessed by using oxidation sensitive dye DCFHDA as a substrate Wijesinghe et al., 2011. RAW macrophage cells were seeded in 24well black plate at a concentration of 5x104 cells/ml. Cells were treated with 1 µμg/ml of E.coli LPS and then therapeutically various concentrations of date extracts were added on to it and incubated for 6 h. Negative control cells, i.e. only LPS treated as well as cells without any treatment were incubated for the same time period and then washed in PBS and after the addition of DCFDA (5 µμg/mL) incubate for 30 min at 37oC in dark. Nonfluorescent DCFHDA dye, that freely penetrate into cells get hydrolyzed by intracellular esterase to 207dichlorofluorescin (DCFH), and is trapped inside the cells. The formation of 207dichlorofluorescin (DCF) due to oxidation of DCFH in the presence of ROS was read after 30 min at an excitation wavelength of 485 nm and emission wavelength of 525 nm using a spectrofluorometer. Percent scavenging power of hydroxyl, superoxide and peroxide radicals was computed taking that by Ascorbic acid as 100%.

Mitochondrial membrane potential was monitored by the fluorescent dye, Rhodamine123. It is a cell permeable cationic dye that preferentially enters into mito chondria based on highly negative mitochondrial membrane potential (Wm). Depolarization of MMP results in the loss of Rhodamine 123 from the mitochondria and a decrease in intracellular fluorescence intensity. After the addition of 1 µμg/ml E.coli LPS, var

ious concentrations of date extracts were added to RAW macrophages cell line and incubated for 6h in 37oC. After incubation, the cells werewashed twice in cold PBS, then Rhodamine 123 (10 µμM) was added and incubated for 30 min at 37oC in dark. Fluorescence was measured by spectrofluorometer with an excitation wavelength of 485 nm and emission wavelength of 525 nm.

Methanolic extract (A), Acidic Ethanolic extract (B) and Basic ethanolic extract (C) were applied on silicagel coated TLC plates (Milipore, Germany) by using capillary tubes and developed in a TLC chamber using mobile phase methanol:water:chloroform (2.5: 0.2:7.3 v/v). The developed TLC plates were air dried and observed under ultra violet light UV at both 254 nm and 366 nm. TLC plates were sprayed with Libermann’s solution, heated at 100–105°C and visualized under daylight. The movement of the analyte was expressed by its retention factor (Rf).

Crude methanolic A, basic ethanolic B & acidic ethanolic C were filtered by 0.22 µμm syringe filter (Milipore, Germany), and then the extracts were analysed with RPHPLC by using Waters 515 System with C18 column as stationary phase. The mobile phase was Water (HPLC grade) and 90% acetonitrile. Sample volume was 100 µμl. Flow rate was 0.5 mL/min.

Statistical differences among samples were tested by Student t test. A Pvalue less than 0.05 or 0.01 (as applicable visàvis the assay performed) was considered statistically significant.

Antioxidants, on interaction with DPPH transfer an electron (hydrogen atom) to DPPH, neutralizing its free radical character Naik et al., 2003. The colour changes from purple to yellow and its absorbance at wavelength 517 decreases. Various concentrations of date extracts, collected by three distinct methods, quenched DPPH free radical in a dosedependent manner [r² =0.909 (p<0.01) for methanolic extract; r² = 0.933 (p<0.001) for acidic ethanolic extract; r² =0.930 (p<0.001) for basic ethanolic extract]. IC₅₀ values were 22.91 μμg/ml for methanolic extract, 14.61 μμg/ml for acidic ethanolic extract and 36.44 μμg/ml for basic ethanolic extract. DPPH assay shows that, in this system, the radicalscavenging activities of the three varieties of date extracts are in the order acidic ethanolic extract>methanolic extract>basic ethanolic extract ( Figure 3 ).

By the addition of iron (II) salts to a phosphate buffer containing reaction mixture, hydroxyl radicals can be generated Gutteridge, 1983. Benzoate, weakly fluorescent, after monohydroxylation forms highly fluorescent hydroxybenzoates Gutteridge, 1987. Measurement of this spectrofluorometric change has been used to detect damage by hydroxyl radical. Date ex-­‐tracts collected by three distinctly separate methods was found to be a powerful scavenger of hydroxylradicals. There is a linear correlation between concentration of extract and OHscavenging activity [r² =0.832 (p<0.01) for methanolic extracts of date; r² =0.835 (p< 0.01) for acidic ethanolic extracts of date; r² = 0.882 (p<0.01) for basic ethanolic extracts of date]. IC₅₀ values are 18.20 μμg/ml for methanolic date extracts, 17.30 μμg/ml for acidic ethanolic date extracts and 17.00 μμg/ml for basic ethanolic extracts. Highest hydroxyl radicalscavenging activity was found in the date extract collected by using basic ethanolic methods. The hydroxyl radical scavenging properties of date extracts are: basic ethanolic extracts> acidic ethanolic extracts > methanolic extracts ( Figure 4 ).

Photochemical reduction of flavins generates O 2 which reduces NBT, resulting in the formation of blue formazan Beauchamp and Fridovich, 1971. Three types of date extracts inhibited the formation of the blue formazan and % inhibition is proportional to the concentration [r² =0.809 (p<0.01) for methanolic extract; r² =0.908 (p<0.01) for acidic ethanolic extract; r² =0.928 (p<0.01) for basic ethanolic extract]. IC₅₀ values were 28.88 μμg/ml for methanolic extract, 19.00 μμg/ml for acidic ethanolic extract and 19.15 for acidic ethanolic extract. The superoxide ion scavenging activities of all these three extracts are: acidic ethanolic extract> basic ethanolic extract> methanolic extracts ( Figure 5 ).

The calculated IC₅₀ values of all three different date extracts suggested that methanolic extract is the most potent extract to scavenge the NO molecules followed by acidic ethanolic extracts and basic ethanolic extracts. But surprisingly there is little or no significant variation of NO radical scavenging properties of all three dateextracts ( Figure 6 ).

Egg yolk lipids undergo rapid nonenzymatic peroxidation when incubated in the presence of ferrous sulphate. Lipid peroxides are likely involved in numerous pathological events, including inflammation, metabolic disorders and cellular aging (Ames et al., 1993; Wiseman et al., 1996). Dateextracts inhibited lipid peroxidation in a concentrationdependent manner [r²=0.870(p<0.01) for methanolic extract; r² =0.635 (p< 0.01) for acidic ethanolic extract; r² =0.9596 (p<0.01) for basic ethanolic extract]. IC₅₀ values for the inhibition of lipid peroxidation were 60.69 μμg/ml for methanolic extract, 24.75 μμg/ml for acidic ethanolic extract and 18.03 μμg/ml for basic ethanolic extract. The results suggested that consumption of date may afford a cytoprotective effect by lowering the lipid peroxidation level ( Figure 7 ).

The reducing power of different date extract samples using the potassium ferricyanide reduction method was evaluated. It has been investigated from the Fe 3+ –Fe 2+ transformation in the presence of three different extract samples. Highest activity was found in basic ethanolic extracts, followed by acidic ethanolic extracts of date and the lowest activity was found in methanolic extract of date ( Figure 8 ).

Total antioxidant capacity of date extract is expressed as the number of equivalents of ascorbic acid. The assay is based on the reduction of Mo(VI) to Mo(V) by the extract and subsequent formation of a green phosphate/Mo(V) complex at acid pH. The phosphomolybdenum method is quantitative since the antioxidant activity is expressed as the number of equivalents of ascorbic acid Prieto et al., 1999. Acidic ethanolic extract had a higher capacity than the other two varieties. The results from various free radicalscavenging system revealed that the three date extract samples collected by three different methods had significant antioxidant activity. The extracts were found to have different levels of antioxidant activity in the systems tested. The antioxidant activities of the three varieties were in the order acidic ethanolic extract>basic ethanolic extract>methanolic extract (Table 7) ( Figure 9 }).

Total flavonoid content expressed as Fisetin equivalents was 15.44±0.872 mg/g plant material in methanolic extract, 60.96±0.996 mg/g plant material in acid-­‐ic ethanolic extract and 26.07±1.26 mg/g plant material in basic ethanolic extract respectively. Total phenolic concentration showed close correlation with the antioxidant activity, being highest in basic ethanolic extract and lowest in methanolic extract of date. Plant phenolics present in fruit and vegetables have received considerable attention because of their potential antioxidant activity (LópezVélez et al., 2003). Natural polyphenols have chainbreaking antioxidant activities and are believed to prevent many degenerative diseases, including cancer and atherosclerosis Roginsky, 2003, Table 8) ( Figure 10A,B ) Figure 10

(Though the basic ethanolic extract contain maximum phenolic contents than other two tested extracts, but the bioactive flavonoid content is highest in acidic ethanolic extracts. Methanolic date palm extract is very poor in containing phenol and flavonoids)/ Total flavonoid content of the date palm extracts was determined using aluminium chloride (AlCl 3 ) where as the total Phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. (n=5) results were expressed as mg of Flavonoid contents in fisetin/g of extracts and mg of gallic acid/ 10 mg of the extract, taking ±SD. Total Flavonoid and Phenol contents show a direct corelation with the total anti oxidant capacity of the tested compounds. Acidic ethanolic extract is rich in both Phenolic and Flavonoid contents, and it can be correlated to it’s radical scavenging activities and total antioxidant properties as the data has shown, than the other two tested extracts of date palm.)

When different extracts of date was analysed in a UVVIS spectrophotometer to assess their solubility in different solvents to determine actual active compounds remain in that solution, we got a striking result where date extracts in basic ethanolic solvents yielded best solubility in comparison to their acidic ethanolic solvent, whereas the methanolic extracts failed to show any such significant peak, indicating very low or no solubility of the date extract into it which states that ethanolic solvent is the best to exhibit the potent anti inflammatory biological activities of the date which correlates with the cellular analysis further ( Figure 11 ).

In order to ascertain the antiinflammatory activities of the date extracts, collected by three distinct methodologies, LPS induced preclinical in vitro models, using both RAW macrophage like murine cell lines and HEK, human embryonic kidney cell lines were used. Cells were seeded into the 96 well plate and incubated for 12 hours, then 1 μμg/ml LPS was added into it following the various doses of the extracts and incubated for one hour and twenty four hour time periods respectively. In both the models using RAW macrophages, three extracts possess their anti inflammatory activities by regulating the cell viability in a dose dependent manner where methanolic extracts are not potent to maintain cell viability in 24 hour inflammatory models in comparison to the other two extracts where acidic ethanolic extracts retain the cell viability significantly in its lower doses, i.e. 100 μμg/ml, 50 μμg/ml, 10 μμg/ml and 1 μμg/ml respectively in both one hour and 24 hour models ( Figure 12a , Figure 12b ), but the basic ethanolic extracts maintain the cell viability only in higher doses, i.e. 250 μμg/ml, 100 μμg/ml and 50 μμg/ml, where in lower doses (1 μμg/ml) it acts as proinflammatory causing the cell death ( Figure 12c ). So all these extract may act as either antiinflammatory or pro inflammatory depending on their doses and nature of extraction.

As the in vitro study suggested that all three date crude extracts have potent hydroxyl radical and superoxide ion scavenging activities, the ex vivo result, using RAW macrophages, also advocated the same where acidic ethanolic extract has been shown to have strongest hydroxyl radical scavenging power, >50% inhibition ( Figure 13b ), followed by basic ethanolic ( Figure 13c ) and methanolic extracts ( Figure 13a ). This mayhave been accomplishedby modulating the mitochondria associated NADPH oxidase activity.

None of the tested compounds induced changes in NO basal levels, when incubated without LPS (data not shown). To evaluate the nitrosative stress, Griess reagent was used. After²4 h LPS treatment, cellular NO production increases nearly two folds (Figure 14a) in comparison to the untreated control samples, whereas the three date extracts ameliorate the LPS induced NO production to the basal level like untreated group in a dose dependent manner which strongly showing there NO scavenging capabilities which is already been established by the in vitro assays. Here dexamethasone has been taken as positive control ( Figure 14a,b,c ).

To investigate the cytotoxicity of the three date extracts MTT assay was performed as MTT is reduced bymitochondrial dehydrogenase to form formazan, an insoluble purple compound and one can measure the cytotoxicity in terms of the intensity of the purple compound. Whereas on the other hand, dead cells do not form any purple formazan because the enzyme is degraded and lack regular function. Among the three extracts of date, acidic ethanolic extracts ameliorated the LPS induced cell death to retain the cell viability in both one hour and twenty four hour inflammatory models ( Figure 15b ) followed by basic ethanolic ( Figure 15c ) and methanolic extracts ( Figure 15a ) in a dose dependent manner. In lower doses all these three extracts fail to inhibit LPS induced cell death where as they are active only in the higher concentrations, i.e. in 250 μμg/ml and 100 μμg/ml doses which is similar to the LPS induced inflammatory models applied on murine macrophage cell line. This data suggests that acidic ethanolic extracts contain potent antiinflammatory compound(s) which is/are able to inhibit the LPS induced cytotoxicity in a dose dependent manner. Dexamethasone was used as positive control in the entire study.

The evidence presented above suggests that date extracts mediates its effects through the antioxidant pathway. We used a DCFDA probe to examine whether this mechanism can scavenge ROS inside the RAW macrophage cells. Cells were treated with E.coli LPS and then various concentrations of date extracts were added into it therapeutically and incubated for 6 h, and analyzed by florescent spectrophotometer. Date extracts ameliorate LPS induced ROS levels significantly over the control in a dose dependent manner. This effect was observed best in acidic ethanolic extracts where it inhibited the ROS generation in higher doses, i.e. in 250 μμg/ml and 100 μμg/ml and increased ROS levels slightly thereafter. ROS levels decreased significantly in methanolic and basic ethanolic extracts also but increased significantly in its lower doses compared to control cells ( Figure 16 ).

Measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) After the assessment of total cellular antioxidant property, in the next phase we targeted mitochondria, the most important site inside the cell for ROS generation. Here we have found that all three extracts of date is capable of reducing LPS induced oxidative stress in murine macrophage like cells significantly, in comparison to the control group in a dose dependent manner, which advocates that the date extracts ameliorate the LPS induced oxidative stress by targeting the mitochondria in a dose dependent manner and thus maintain the cell viability ( Figure 17 ).

Samples Sample

Samples

Figure 19 Figure 19

HPLC profile of basic ethanolic extract