Constipation is a common gastrointestinal problem in the community, both in children and adults; in children, it accounts for about 5% of the pediatric visits [1]. Therefore, there are stupendous costs associated with it. Constipation refers to difficult or delayed bowel movement which can last a couple weeks more, and often causes anxiety and distress in the patient [2]. The prevalence of constipation in children has been reported to be 34.7% [3]–[6]. The most common type of constipation is functional constipation, also known as idiopathic constipation.

Functional constipation is the result of conscious or semi-conscious bowel emptying that leads to rectal dilatation and exacerbation of the disease as a vicious cycle, with mainly mental and psychological underlying causes [7]. Constipation, in most cases, is short-term and has few consequences, but sometimes lasts more than six months and is not treated by routine treatments. Other causes of chronic constipation in children include insufficient diet, the use of some medications, metabolic and endocrine causes, uremia, hypothyroidism, central nervous system tissue disorders, diabetes, and connective tissue diseases [8]–[12]. To treat constipation, therapeutic measures such as nutritional methods, feedback training, osmotic laxatives and stimulants, as well as stool volumizers, are used. However, each has its own problems and side effects [13].

Traditional medicine and phytomedicine have always been an important solution for the treatment and prevention of various diseases [14]–[18]. Medicinal plants and their therapeutic uses are very common in Iran and other parts of the world [19][20]. Nowadays, due to the importance of safety and desire for lowered costs, there is greater attention placed on herbal medicines as therapies [21]–[23]. Herbal medicines have been demonstrated to be consistently reliable in the treatment and prevention of various diseases [24]–[29]. They have also recently become a focus of researchers in the development and preparation of new drugs [30]–[35]. Notably, their active ingredients can have antioxidant activities and therapeutic effects [36]–[40]. Medicinal plants have been used in the treatment of many diseases, including and especially constipation. Therefore, this aim of this review was to investigate and report the medicinal plants affecting constipation.

In the current review, the articles meeting the inclusion criteria and indexed in certain databases, such as ISI (Web of Science), PubMed, Scopus, Islamic World Science Citation Center, Scientific Information Database, and Magiran, were retrieved using the search terms ‘constipation’, ‘children constipation’, ‘baby’s and newborn constipation’, ‘medicinal plants’, and ‘traditional medicine’.

Based on available evidence, medicinal plants Olea europaea, Phaseolus vulgaris, Prunus armeniaca, Brassica oleracea var. italica, Malus domestica, Linum usitatissimum, Aloe vera, Vitis vinifera, Foeniculum vulgare, Ficus carica, Ricinus communis, Sesamum indicum, and Descurainia sophia are some of the most important medicinal plants used for the treatment of constipation in traditional medicine. Further information on traditional treatments of constipation in children is presented in Table 1 Figure 1 .

The present review was conducted to report the medicinal plants effective on constipation. Constipation is one of the primary factors for various diseases, including intestinal colic, and is known as the mother of diseases. As with other diseases, for completion of treatment, constipation requires removing the primary causal factors. The first step, therefore, might be to change patient

lifestyle. The second step might be to incorporate the use of home remedies. Simple changes in the patient’s diet can relieve or reduce the constipation [58].

A high-fiber diet rich in fruits, vegetables, beans, and whole grains can help alleviate the constipation. The recommended dose is 14 g of dietary fiber for every 1,000 calories in the child’s diet. For younger children, the recommended intake is 20 g of dietary fiber a day, for female adolescents it is 29 g a day, and for male adolescents and young men the recommended dose is 38 g a day. Medicinal plants whose components act as anti-constipation agents also have high fiber and are thus more beneficial. Moreover, the use of plentiful fluids increases the softness of the child’s stool.

Another important issue is giving adequate time for bowel movements. The parents should encourage their children to sit on the toilet at least for 5-10 minutes after each meal. Giving small rewards to children for bowel movement attempts can be effective. Children should not be punished if they soil their underwear. Other than changes in the child’s diet, alternative approaches, such as massage of the child’s abdomen or use of medicinal plants, can help relieve constipation [59].

It should be noted that constipation, in some cases, has psychological or neurological basis. In these cases, plants might be effective for these problems [60]–[63]. The plants presented in this article Table 1 can be used for treatment or prevention of constipation. As aforementioned, the use of laxatives/medications should be based on the main causes of constipation. Investigations in this field may lead to isolation and preparation of new drugs. An important issue in the use of medicinal plants is their possible toxicities [64][65]. Fortunately, most of these plants are not only safe but they also reduce the toxicity of other toxic agents. The plants highlighted in Table 1 , in most cases, can relieve constipation as well as other diseases [66][67].

This review article presents important medicinal plants for the treatment and prevention of constipation. These plants can be used for preparation of new drugs; their active ingredients may also be used in the treatment of constipation. In future studies, it is better to focus on classification of herbal laxatives, based on their mechanisms for treating constipation.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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All authors reviewed, commented and approved the final manuscript.